Hungary’s Economy in Slow Erosion – Fourteen Years of Illiberal Policies Bear Fruit
Hungary is entering its fifteenth year of Viktor Orbán’s self-defined illiberal democracy. This article only touches upon the economic results of the fourteen years of the Orbán-era and largely ignores other (definitely not less important) aspects of the deep social change that took place in Hungary in the same period.
From a bird’s-eye view, Orbán’s new economic regime has three defining elements. The first is an emphasis on domestic consumption and investments as drivers of economic growth. The second is statism in the sense of arbitrariness in the tax system and the still outlying levels of taxation and government spending compared to regional peers. The third is the emergence of a sophisticated cleptocracy (presented as the creation of a new, „national, capitalist entrepreneurial group"), which is eroding meritocracy, competitiveness, and productivity. The three elements largely explain Hungary’s economic developments in the past fourteen years and also explain where we are now and why the outlook is not so bright for the country.